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Pollination biology in a lowland dipterocarp forest inSarawak, Malaysia. I. Characteristics of the plant-pollinator communityin a lowland dipterocarp forest¹

^a Center for Ecological Research, KyotoUniversity, Otsu 520, Japan; ^b Forestryand Forest Product Research Institute, Kukizaki, Ibaraki 305,Japan; ^c Biological Laboratory, YoshidaCollege, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–01, Japan; ^d The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University,Kyoto 606–01, Japan; ^e Faculty ofAgriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464–01, Japan;and ^f Center for Forest Research, ForestDepartment Sarawak, Batu 6 Jalan Penrissen 93250, Kuching, Sarawak,Malaysia

Flowerings and flower visitors were observed continuously in alowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia, for 53 mo in1992–1996. Flower visitors of 270 plant species were observed orcollected, and pollinators were assessed by observing body contact tostigmas and anthers. We recognized 12 categories of pollination systems.Among them, plants pollinated by social bees included the largest numberof species (32%) and were followed by beetle-pollinated species(20%). Pollination systems were significantly related with somefloral characters (flowering time of day, reward, and floral shape), butnot with floral color. Based on the relationships between pollinatorsand floral characters, we described pollination syndromes found in alowland dipterocarp forest. The dominance of social bees and beetlesamong pollinators is discussed in relation to the general floweringobserved in dipterocarp forests of West Malesia. In spite of high plantspecies diversity and consequent low population densities of lowlanddipterocarp forests, long-distance-specific pollinators were uncommoncompared with theNeotropics.

Key Words: beetle • floralshape • flowering time • generalflowering • lowland dipterocarpforest • pollinationsyndrome • reward • Sarawak • socialbee

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