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Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): evidence from ITS nrDNA, trnL-F cpDNA, and morphology¹

²Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK; ³Harvard University Herbarium, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA; ⁴Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW1 5BD UK; ⁵Department of Botany, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195-5325 USA

Chloroplast trnL-F sequence data, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data, and morphology were used to analyze phylogenetic relationships among members of the subtribe Strobilanthinae. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of trnL-F indicate that the Strobilanthinae are a monophyletic group. While parsimony analysis of ITS recovers a nonmonophyletic subtribe, maximum likelihood analysis of ITS corroborates results from trnL-F and suggests that systematic error is impacting on ITS parsimony analysis. A combined ITS and trnL-F analysis strengthens the signal and also recovers a monophyletic subtribe. All analyses indicate that Hemigraphis, Sericocalyx, and Strobilanthes are nonmonophyletic. With one exception, all morphological characters included in a combined ITS and morphological analysis are homoplastic. The prospect for a new informative generic classification of the Strobilanthinae aiming to recognize and diagnose only monophyletic groups is considered. While some groups can be diagnosed, adequate diagnosis of the majority of groups remains problematic. Consequently, a single expanded genus Strobilanthes sensu lato is proposed at the level of the well-supported and monophyletic Strobilanthinae.

Key Words: Hemigraphis • ITS • Java • maximum likelihood • parsimony • Philippines • Sericocalyx • southern India • Stenosiphonium • Strobilanthes • trnL-F

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