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Molecular systematics of the trans-Pacific alpine genus Oreomyrrhis (Apiaceae): phylogenetic affinities and biogeographic implications¹

²Missouri Botanical Garden, Graduate Studies Program, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 USA; ³Department of Biology, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1229, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899 USA; ⁴Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan; ⁵Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA; ⁶Department of Plant Systematics and Geography, Warsaw University, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, PL-00-478 Warszawa, Poland

ABSTRACT

The alpine ecosystem is the only terrestrial biogeographic unit that is distributed globally. Studying phylogenetics of the plant species in this widespread ecosystem can provide insights into the historical biogeographic processes that have shaped the global biodiversity. The trans-Pacific disjunct alpine genus Oreomyrrhis (Apiaceae) was investigated using nrDNA ITS sequences to test the taxonomic and biogeographic hypotheses. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference revealed that species of Oreomyrrhis form a weakly supported monophyletic clade that is nested within Chaerophyllum sect. Chaerophyllum (subtribe Scandicinae, tribe Scandiceae). The optimal solutions of dispersal-vicariance analysis indicate that the ancestor of Chaerophyllum sect. Chaerophyllum (including Oreomyrrhis) was distributed in Eurasia and subsequently dispersed to North America and southern Pacific Rim. Based on dating using ITS sequence variation, these dispersal events were most likely recent, probably during late Tertiary to Quaternary. The structure of the ITS haplotype network suggests that a rapid range expansion via long-distance dispersal had been crucial in generating the trans-Pacific disjunction of Oreomyrrhis. Furthermore, evolution toward smaller mericarp size and a transition from outcrossing to selfing during Oreomyrrhis's evolution might have increased the chances for long-distance dispersal, facilitating its range expansion and occupation on alpine environments.

Key Words: alpine plants • Apiaceae • Chaerophyllum • internal transcribed spacer (ITS) • long-distance dispersal • Oreomyrrhis • Pleistocene glaciations • South Pacific disjunction

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